TWA v. Hardison
Established the di minimis standard for undue hardship in religious accommodation cases.
Chronological & Subject Repository
Topic: Free Exercise
February 2026
Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese for U.S. & Canada v. Milivojevich
The First Amendment warns against delving into disputes about religious doctrine.
Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
The First Amendment constrains state action, not private conduct, and churches and priests are not state actors.
New Harvest Christian Fellowship v. City of Salinas
A city may exclude churches from downtown areas or impose unequal land use restrictions on churches compared to secular assembly uses.
Morressey-Berru v. Our Lady of Guadalupe School
Religious schools may dismiss teachers under the ministerial exception even for reasons that would constitute age discrimination in secular contexts.
Biel v. St. James School
Religious schools may dismiss teachers under the ministerial exception even for disability-related requests such as medical leave for cancer treatment.
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Religious institutions have a First Amendment right to make employment decisions free from state interference through the ministerial exception doctrine.
Archdiocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
The state must demonstrate a compelling state interest to restrict the free exercise of religion, applying strict scrutiny standard.
Boerne v. Flores
RFRA applies only to federal actions, not to state or local government actions.
Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison
Accommodating an employee's religious observance of the Seventh-day Sabbath would create undue hardship for the airline.